International Lunar Workshop (Beatenberg) Declaration

On the initiative of Switzerland and the European Space Agency, representatives from space agencies, scientific institutions and industry from around the world met in Beatenberg, Switzerland from 31 May to 3 June 1994 to consider plans for the implementation of internationally coordinated programmes for robotic and human Lunar Exploration.

The meeting was enthusiastic about the rich opportunities offered by the exploration and utilisation of the Moon.

• The uniqueness of the Earth-Moon system was emphasised and the potential of the Moon as a natural long-term space-station was recognised.
• The Workshop agreed that the time is right, scientifically and technologically, for a staged lunar programme implemented in evolutionary phases, the first phase involving science, technology, and resource exploration missions. The initial phases of the programme, involving Moon orbiters and landers with roving robots, are within the capabilities of the various individual space agencies technically and financially; but the benefits, scientifically and technologically, would be greatly enhanced by close coordination. Each phase should set the task for the next one, but will be fully justified on its own merits without being in any way dependent on the follow-on.
• Strong interest was expressed in the science of the Moon (illuminating the history of the Earth-Moon system), from the Moon (for astronomical projects), and on the Moon (biological reactions to low gravity and the unique radiation environment).
• The phased evolutionary approach allows the differences of opinion over the role of humans in space and the economic utilisation of the Moon to be assessed later in the light of results from earlier phases. As the programme progresses, it is possible that the attractions and benefits of human presence on the Moon will become clearly apparent. It is evident, however, that the Moon would represent the next logical step and a testbed in any plans of human expansion into the solar system.
• The Workshop concluded that existing launcher systems would permit the implementation of the initial phases. The significant technological advances required in areas such as robotics, telepresence, and teleoperations will certainly find scientific and industrial applications on Earth.
• The Workshop agreed that the objectives of the programme can be accomplished while at the same time protecting the lunar environment.
• The Workshop concluded that current international space treaties provide a constructive legal regime within which to conduct peaceful scientific exploration and economic utilisation of the Moon, including the establishment of permanent scientific bases and observatories.

In conclusion the Workshop agreed that this is the right time:

• to begin the first phase of the lunar programme
• to prepare for future decisions on later phases
• to implement international coordination and cooperation
• to establish, at a working level, a mechanism for regular coordination of activities

A second International Lunar Workshop will be held in mid-1996 to review progress and plans.

Beatenberg, 3 June 1994