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Past exploration of Jupiter's diverse satellite system has forever changed our understanding of the unique environments to be found around gas giants, both in our solar system and beyond. The detailed investigation of three of Jupiter's Galilean satellites (Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto), which are believed to harbour subsurface water oceans, is central to elucidating the conditions for habitability of icy worlds in planetary systems in general. The study of the Jupiter system and the possible existence of habitable environments offer the best opportunity for understanding the origins and formation of the gas giants and their satellite systems. The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, selected by ESA in May 2012 to be the first large mission within the Cosmic Vision Program 2015-2025, will perform detailed investigations of Jupiter and its system in all their inter-relations and complexity with particular emphasis on Ganymede as a planetary body and potential habitat. The investigations of the neighbouring moons, Europa and Callisto, will complete a comparative picture of the Galilean moons and their potential habitability. Here we describe the scientific motivation for this exciting new European-led exploration of the Jupiter system in the context of our current knowledge and future aspirations for exploration, and the paradigm it will bring in the study of giant (exo) planets in general.

The 39th meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was held 14-22 July 2012 in Mysore, India.

This report to COSPAR on the scientific activities of the European Space Agency was written by members of the Directorate of Earth Observation, the Directorate of Human Spaceflight and Operations and the Directorate of Science and Robotic Exploration.

Contents:

• Foreword by Jean-Jacques Dordain, Director General, ESA
• Earth Observation
  1. Introduction
  2. The Living Planet Programme
  3. The Earth Explorer Missions
  4. ERS and Envisat
• Human Spaceflight and Operations
  1. Introduction
  2. Overview: Columbus and ISS Facilities
  3. Funding Europe's ISS Research: ELIPS
  4. Research on the ISS
  5. Ongoing Research Using Other Platforms
  6. Projects under Development
• Science and Robotic Exploration
  1. Introduction
  2. Missions in Operation
  3. Missions in the Post-Operations and Archiving Phases
  4. Projects under Development
  5. Missions under Study

The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) concept results from the reformulation of the EJSM-Laplace mission into a European-led mission.

This report, the so-called Yellow Book, contains the results of ESA's assessment study (Phase 0/A) of the candidate L-class Cosmic Vision mission JUICE.

Reference: SRE-PA/2011.003/MNCE

L1 Mission Reformulation, JUICE

This report summarises the findings of the ESA review on the reformulation of EJSM/Laplace (L class mission candidate of the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme) into the new mission concept named JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer).

The review, completed at the end of the reformulation exercise, establishes the overall feasibility and credibility of the L1 mission candidate reformulated concept - for both platform and payload - for a launch in 2022, and an ESA cost at completion of 850 MEuro (e.c. 2010).