• ESA uses cookies to track visits to our website only, no personal information is collected.
    By continuing to use the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. OK
    Find out more about our cookie policy.
    • → European Space Agency

    • About Science & Technology

    • For Public

    • For Educators

    • ESA

    • Science & Technology

    • Cassini-Huygens

    • Missions
    • Show All Missions
    • Mission Home
    • Summary
    • Fact Sheet
    • Objectives
    • Mission Team
    • Science…

      • Saturn
      • Rings
      • Titan
      • Moons
      • Magnetosphere
    • Huygens Probe
    • Huygens: the top 10 discoveries at Titan
    • Huygens
    • Instruments
    • Engineering
    • Cassini Orbiter
    • Europe's science highlights with Cassini
    • 3D Model
    • Instruments
    • Engineering
    • Mission Operations
    • Launch Vehicle
    • Launch Information
    • Getting to Saturn
    • Approach and Arrival
    • Huygens Probe Separation
    • Titan Surface Landing
    • Flybys
    • Science Operations
    • Data Archive
    • Planetary Science Archive
    • Resources
    • News Archive
    • Multimedia Gallery
    • Publication Archive
    • Calendar of Events
    • Services
    • Contact Us
    • Subscribe
    • RSS feed
    • Terms and Conditions

    Science highlights from Huygens:
    #1. Profiling the atmosphere of Titan

    The Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) made the first in situ measurements of Titan's atmosphere. HASI determined the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density from an altitude of 1400 km down to the surface.

    Long before ESA's Huygens probe arrived at Titan, scientists knew that the moon's dense atmosphere was mainly composed of nitrogen, with some methane, but the atmosphere's structure – its temperature and pressure at different altitudes – was poorly understood.

    Huygens's view of Titan from five altitudes. Credit: ESA/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

    By monitoring the probe's rate of deceleration as it plunged into the atmosphere, the HASI instrument directly determined the density of the upper atmosphere. The temperature was derived from models of how it should change with density and altitude. In the lower atmosphere (below 160 km) and on the surface of Titan, HASI directly measured the pressure and temperature, as well as electrical properties such as permittivity and the distribution of ions.

    HASI data showed that the upper atmosphere (the thermosphere) was generally warmer and more dense than expected. Titan's atmosphere was also found to be highly stratified.

    Above 500 km, the average temperature was about - 100 °C but strong variations of 10–20 °C were detected due to inversion layers and other phenomena, such as, gravity waves and tides. The mesosphere was virtually absent, in contrast with theoretical predictions.

    Below 500 km, the temperature increased quite rapidly, reaching a maximum of -87 °C at the top of the stratosphere, at an altitude of 250 km. The temperature then decreased steadily throughout the stratosphere, reaching a minimum of -203 °C at an altitude of 44 km. This marked the boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere.

    The temperature increased again as the probe neared the surface, rising to a chilly -180 °C at the landing site. The surface pressure was 1.47 times that on Earth.

    Science highlights from Huygens
          Science highlights from Huygens: Introduction
    #1. Profiling the atmosphere of Titan (this article)
    #2. Superrotating winds
    #3. Methane mystery
    #4. The origin of Titan's nitrogen atmosphere
    #5. Radioactive decay and cryovolcanism
    #6. Hazy Titan
    #7. Titan's tiny aerosols
    #8. Dry river beds and lakes
    #9. Schumann-like resonances: hints of subsurface ocean
    #10. Elusive dunes


    Last Update: 11 January 2017

    • Shortcut URL
    • http://sci.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=55222
    • Images And Videos
    • Huygens's descent to Titan's surface
    • The Huygens experience
    • Zooming in on Huygens' landing site on Titan
    • Huygens View of Titan from Five Altitudes
    • Huygens Images and Videos
    • See Also
    • Huygens: the top 10 discoveries at Titan
    • #2. Superrotating winds
    • #3. Methane mystery
    • #4. The origin of Titan's nitrogen atmosphere
    • #5. Radioactive decay and cryovolcanism
    • #6. Hazy Titan
    • #7. Titan's tiny aerosols
    • #8. Dry river beds and lakes
    • #9. Schumann-like resonances: hints of a subsurface ocean
    • # 10. Elusive dunes

    Connect with us

    • RSS
    • Youtube
    • Twitter
    •  Flickr
    • Google+
    • Livestream
    • Subscribe
    • Twitter-2

    Follow ESA science